Health system, surveillance and the COVID-19 pandemic response in France. / Sistema de saúde e vigilância na França e a resposta à pandemia de COVID-19.

France was the first European country to confirm cases of COVID-19, being one of the most affected by the pandemic in the first wave. This case study analyzed the measures adopted by the country in the fight against COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021, correlating it to the characteristics of its health and surveillance system. As a welfare state, it relied on compensatory policies and protection of the economy, as well as increased investments in health. There were weaknesses in the preparation and delay in the implementation of the coping plan. The response was coordinated by the national executive power, adopting strict lockdowns in the first two waves, mitigating restrictive measures in the other waves, after the increase in vaccination coverage and in the face of population resistance. The country faced problems with testing, case and contact surveillance and patient care, especially in the first wave. It was necessary to modify the health insurance rules to expand coverage, access and better articulation of surveillance actions. It indicates lessons learned about the limits of its social security system, but also the potential of a government with a strong response capacity in the financing of public policies and regulation of other sectors to face the crisis.

A França foi o primeiro país europeu a confirmar casos de COVID-19, sendo um dos mais afetados pela pandemia na primeira onda. Este estudo de caso analisou as medidas adotadas pelo país no enfrentamento à COVID-19 em 2020 e 2021, relacionando com as características de seu sistema de saúde e de vigilância. Como um Estado de bem-estar social, apostou em políticas compensatórias e de proteção da economia, bem como aumentou investimentos em saúde. Houve fragilidade na preparação e atraso na implantação do plano de enfrentamento. A resposta foi coordenada pelo poder Executivo nacional, adotando bloqueios rígidos nas duas primeiras ondas, flexibilizando as medidas restritivas nas demais ondas, após o aumento da cobertura vacinal e diante da resistência da população. Enfrentou problemas com testagem, vigilância dos casos e contatos e assistência aos doentes, principalmente na primeira onda. Necessitou modificar as regras do seguro de saúde para ampliar cobertura, acesso e melhorar a articulação das ações de vigilância. Indica aprendizados sobre os limites do seu sistema de seguro social, mas também as potencialidades de um Estado com capacidade de resposta forte no financiamento de políticas públicas e na regulação dos demais setores para enfrentar a crise.

Sistema de saúde e vigilância na França e a resposta à pandemia de COVID-19 / Health system, surveillance and the COVID-19 pandemic response in France

Resumo A França foi o primeiro país europeu a confirmar casos de COVID-19, sendo um dos mais afetados pela pandemia na primeira onda. Este estudo de caso analisou as medidas adotadas pelo país no enfrentamento à COVID-19 em 2020 e 2021, relacionando com as características de seu sistema de saúde e de vigilância. Como um Estado de bem-estar social, apostou em políticas compensatórias e de proteção da economia, bem como aumentou investimentos em saúde. Houve fragilidade na preparação e atraso na implantação do plano de enfrentamento. A resposta foi coordenada pelo poder Executivo nacional, adotando bloqueios rígidos nas duas primeiras ondas, flexibilizando as medidas restritivas nas demais ondas, após o aumento da cobertura vacinal e diante da resistência da população. Enfrentou problemas com testagem, vigilância dos casos e contatos e assistência aos doentes, principalmente na primeira onda. Necessitou modificar as regras do seguro de saúde para ampliar cobertura, acesso e melhorar a articulação das ações de vigilância. Indica aprendizados sobre os limites do seu sistema de seguro social, mas também as potencialidades de um Estado com capacidade de resposta forte no financiamento de políticas públicas e na regulação dos demais setores para enfrentar a crise.

Abstract France was the first European country to confirm cases of COVID-19, being one of the most affected by the pandemic in the first wave. This case study analyzed the measures adopted by the country in the fight against COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021, correlating it to the characteristics of its health and surveillance system. As a welfare state, it relied on compensatory policies and protection of the economy, as well as increased investments in health. There were weaknesses in the preparation and delay in the implementation of the coping plan. The response was coordinated by the national executive power, adopting strict lockdowns in the first two waves, mitigating restrictive measures in the other waves, after the increase in vaccination coverage and in the face of population resistance. The country faced problems with testing, case and contact surveillance and patient care, especially in the first wave. It was necessary to modify the health insurance rules to expand coverage, access and better articulation of surveillance actions. It indicates lessons learned about the limits of its social security system, but also the potential of a government with a strong response capacity in the financing of public policies and regulation of other sectors to face the crisis.

State of the art on Advanced Nursing Practice: reflections for the agenda in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: to review the state of the art on Advanced Nursing Practices. METHODS: a scoping review of existing publications up to 2020, in the PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, BDENF, Web of Science and Scopus databases, identified by descriptors "Prática Avançada de Enfermagem" or "Advanced Practice Nursing". A total of 184 documents were selected. The characterization of this study was carried out, followed by the construction of an overview of different regions of the world. RESULTS: studies showed an increasing trend in the last decade, being present in all continents, although 43.5% correspond to opinion articles, comments, editorials and event reports. Even with similar aspects, the justifications for Advanced Nursing Practices reflect specific regional needs. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the studies still lack methodological variety and emphasis on the specificities of countries and their health systems, in addition to greater detail on labor regulation, professional training and the impacts of these practices in nursing.

State of the art on Advanced Nursing Practice: reflections for the agenda in Brazil / Estado del arte de las Prácticas Avanzadas de la Enfermería: reflexiones para la agenda en Brasil / Estado da arte sobre Práticas Avançadas em Enfermagem: reflexões para a agenda no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objectives: to review the state of the art on Advanced Nursing Practices. Methods: a scoping review of existing publications up to 2020, in the PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, BDENF, Web of Science and Scopus databases, identified by descriptors "Prática Avançada de Enfermagem" or "Advanced Practice Nursing". A total of 184 documents were selected. The characterization of this study was carried out, followed by the construction of an overview of different regions of the world. Results: studies showed an increasing trend in the last decade, being present in all continents, although 43.5% correspond to opinion articles, comments, editorials and event reports. Even with similar aspects, the justifications for Advanced Nursing Practices reflect specific regional needs. Final Considerations: the studies still lack methodological variety and emphasis on the specificities of countries and their health systems, in addition to greater detail on labor regulation, professional training and the impacts of these practices in nursing.

RESUMEN Objetivos: revisar el estado del arte de las Prácticas Avanzadas de la Enfermería. Métodos: revisión de alcance de publicaciones existentes hasta 2020, en las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, BDENF, Web of Science y Scopus, identificadas por los descriptores "Prática Avançada de Enfermagem" o "Advanced Practice Nursing". Se seleccionaron 184 documentos. Se realizó la caracterización de esta producción, seguida de la construcción del panorama de las diferentes regiones del mundo. Resultados: la producción mostró una tendencia creciente en la última década, estando presente en todos los continentes, aunque el 43,5% corresponde a artículos de opinión, comentarios, editoriales y reportajes de eventos. Incluso con aspectos similares, las justificaciones de las Prácticas Avanzadas de la Enfermería reflejan necesidades regionales específicas. Consideraciones Finales: los estudios aún carecen de variedad metodológica y énfasis en las especificidades de los países y sus sistemas de salud, además de mayor detalle sobre la regulación laboral, la formación profesional y los impactos de estas prácticas en el campo de la enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivos: revisar o estado da arte sobre as Práticas Avançadas em Enfermagem. Métodos: revisão de escopo de publicações existentes até 2020, nas bases PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, BDENF, Web of Science e Scopus, identificadas pelos descritores "Prática Avançada de Enfermagem" ou "Advanced Practice Nursing". Foram selecionados 184 documentos. Realizou-se a caracterização dessa produção, seguida da construção do panorama das diferentes regiões do mundo. Resultados: a produção apresentou tendência crescente na última década, estando presente em todos os continentes, embora 43,5% correspondam a artigos de opinião, comentários, editoriais e relatos de eventos. Mesmo com aspectos semelhantes, as justificativas para as Práticas Avançadas em Enfermagem refletem necessidades regionais específicas. Considerações Finais: os estudos ainda carecem de variedade metodológica e ênfase nas especificidades dos países e seus sistemas de saúde, além de maior detalhamento sobre a regulação do trabalho, formação profissional e impactos dessas práticas no próprio campo da enfermagem.

Employment and working conditions of nurses: where and how health inequalities have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic?

BACKGROUND: Nurses and midwives play a critical role in the provision of care and the optimization of health services resources worldwide, which is particularly relevant during the current COVID-19 pandemic. However, they can only provide quality services if their work environment provides adequate conditions to support them. Today the employment and working conditions of many nurses worldwide are precarious, and the current pandemic has prompted more visibility to the vulnerability to health-damaging factors of nurses' globally. This desk review explores how employment relations, and employment and working conditions may be negatively affecting the health of nurses in countries such as Brazil, Croatia, India, Ireland, Italy, México, Nepal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. MAIN BODY: Nurses' health is influenced by the broader social, economic, and political system and the redistribution of power relations that creates new policies regarding the labour market and the welfare state. The vulnerability faced by nurses is heightened by gender inequalities, in addition to social class, ethnicity/race (and caste), age and migrant status, that are inequality axes that explain why nurses' workers, and often their families, are exposed to multiple risks and/or poorer health. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, informalization of nurses' employment and working conditions were unfair and harmed their health. During COVID-19 pandemic, there is evidence that the employment and working conditions of nurses are associated to poor physical and mental health. CONCLUSION: The protection of nurses' health is paramount. International and national enforceable standards are needed, along with economic and health policies designed to substantially improve employment and working conditions for nurses and work-life balance. More knowledge is needed to understand the pathways and mechanisms on how precariousness might affect nurses' health and monitor the progress towards nurses' health equity.